18: Many hospitals were run by Nuns, and due to the Enlightenment in the 18th century, the voluntary hospital movement began.
19: Hospitals in the 18th century not only helped the physically sick, but the mentally ill/insane
and the poor as well.
20: Important principles of modern surgery were founded in the 18th century, and people became more trained in hospitals, passing their knowledge of surgery to others.
21: Throughout the 18th century, the idea of religious healing and scientific healing grew apart, and due to the scientific discoveries (such as John Hunters), people believed more in scientific healing.
22: John Hunter discovered the importance of controlling infections during surgery, as well as using surgery and amputation as a last resort. Additionally, one of his most notable impacts involved an experiment which successfully demonstrated the concept of collateral circulation, ultimately leading him to formulate procedures that could bypass vascular aneurysms.
23: Inoculation was introduced to Britain and New England to protect people likely to be at risk of infection with smallpox in the late 18th century. It involved breaking the skin and introducing tissue from another illness.
24: When Edward Jenner was young, he observed that people who caught cowpox while working with cattle were known not to catch smallpox, so he inoculated James Phipps (the son of his Gardener), with cowpox, a similar virus to smallpox, to create immunity against it.
25: Concern about the safety of this vaccine led to opposition and then repeal of legislation in some instances, ultimately leading to a Vaccination Act to allow for the vaccine to not be administered if 2 magistrates (parents) consented to it on a signed certificate. Opposition also arose from the fact that Cowpox did not occur widely and doctors who wanted to test the new process had to obtain cowpox matter from Jenner.
26: Jenner was able to overcome opposition to vaccines because of the short tail of the initiative and high levels of disease awareness.
@Jimjo Wheres my key this took me like a half hour
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